قالب:Unreliable source?/doc

C
C
C c
(See below)
	Writing cursive forms of C
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[c]; [k]; [t͡ʃ]; [t͡s(ʰ)]; [d͡ʒ]; [ʃ]; [s̝]; [ʕ]; [ʔ]; [θ]; Others;
Unicode codepoint	U+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position	3; Numerical value: 100
History
Development	Γ γ 𐌂 C c; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Variations	(See below)
Other
Associated numbers	100
	This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This is a documentation subpage for قالب:Unreliable source?
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Usage[تعديل]

This template is intended to be used when a statement is sourced but it is questionable whether the source used is reliable for supporting the statement. It produces a superscripted notation like the following:

It was actually written by Francis Bacon.^{[unreliable source? ]}

Articles tagged with this template will be categorized into Category:All articles lacking reliable references.
Place this template inline, {{Unreliable source?|date=ابريل 2024}} following the questionable claim (and any punctuation attached to it). The template should be placed outside the reference (^[1]), within the article's text:
Potentially controversial statement.^[2]^{[unreliable source? ]} Next sentence.
Parameters[تعديل]
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reason: a note explaining why you think the source is unreliable as per WP:RS. Displays as a tool tip. Keep it short (one sentence) as longer material belongs on the talk page. It is good to reiterate the reason in your edit summary. Example: {{Unreliable source?|reason=Your WP:RS-based reason here.|date=ابريل 2024}}

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When to use and not use this template[تعديل]
This template should be used to express your doubt about the credibility of a source.
This tag should not be used on unreliably sourced contentious statements about living persons; if a source for such a statement is not reliable, the statement and the source should be removed immediately.
For whole articles or article sections that rely on suspect sources, considering using the banner template {{More citations needed}} or {{More citations needed section}}, respectively, rather than individually tagging a large number of statements.
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TemplateData[تعديل]
This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Unreliable source? in articles based on its TemplateData.
TemplateData for Unreliable source?

Used when a statement is sourced but it is questionable whether the source used is reliable for supporting the statement.
وسائط القالب
هذا القالب يفضل التنسيق بنفس السطر للوسائط.
وسيط وصف نوع حالة
Reason reason
Note explaining why you think the source is unreliable as per WP:RS. Displays as a tool tip
نص اختياري
Certain? certain sure failed
If set to "y" or "yes" will remove the question mark from the template's output to denote a degree of certainty that the source is unreliable
غيابي
no
مثال
yes
بولياني اختياري
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قيمة تلقائية
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شوف كمان[تعديل]
Inline templates[تعديل]
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{{Unreliable medical source}}, for fringe medical sources in particular
Lists of templates[تعديل]
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Policies, guidelines, essays, and WikiProjects[تعديل]
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Third letter of the Latin alphabetقالب:SHORTDESC:Third letter of the Latin alphabet

This template is about the letter. For the programming language, see C (programming language). For other uses, see Unreliable source?/doc (disambiguation).

خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Technical reasons".

C
C c
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of C
Usage
Writing system Latin script
Type Alphabetic
Language of origin Latin language
Phonetic usage
[c]
[k]
[t͡ʃ]
[t͡s(ʰ)]
[d͡ʒ]
[ʃ]
[s̝]
[ʕ]
[ʔ]
[θ]
Others
Unicode codepoint U+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position 3
Numerical value: 100
History
Development

Γ γ
𐌂
C c
Variations (See below)
Other
Associated numbers 100
This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Unreliable source?/doc
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz
v
t
e

[[File:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|C in copyright symbol
C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee (pronounced /ˈsiː/), plural cees.^[3]

History[تعديل]

Egyptian Phoenician
gaml Greek
Gamma Etruscan
C Old Latin
C (G) Latin
C

"C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".^[4]
In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'c' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c k q' were used to represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, 'k' before 'a', and 'c' elsewhere.^[5] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /k/. The use of 'c' (and its variant 'g') replaced most usages of 'k' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical period and after, 'g' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.
Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

Later use[تعديل]

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only /k/, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh,^[6] Irish, and Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /k/. The Old English Latin-based writing system was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc, and séoc. However, during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ], though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in Italian).
In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /k^w/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke, and seoke; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently changed to kniht and þic ('thick') changed to thik or thikk. The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English quen and quik, respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in champ (from Latin camp-um) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written c. 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words like processiun, emperice and grace, and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /s/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.
Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.

Pronunciation and use[تعديل]

شوف كمان :Hard and soft C

Pronunciations of Cc
Most common pronunciation: /k/
Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet

Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes

Albanian /ts/

Arabic Cypriot Arabic /ʕ/ Latinization

Azeri /dʒ/

Berber /ʃ/ Latinization

Bukawa /ʔ/

Catalan /k/

/s/ Before e, i

Crimean Tatar /dʒ/

Cornish /s/ Standard Written Form

Czech /ts/

Danish /k/

/s/ Before e, i, y, æ, ø

Dutch /k/

/s/ Before e, i, y

/tʃ/ Before e, i,y in loanwords from Italian

English /k/

/s/ Before e, i, y

/ʃ/

Fijian /ð/

Filipino /k/

/s/ Before e, i

French /k/

/s/ Before e, i, y

Fula /tʃ/

Gagauz /dʒ/

Galician /k/

/θ/ Before e, i

/s/ Before e, i in seseo zones

German /k/

/ts/ Before ä, e, i, ö, ü, y

Hausa /tʃ/

Hungarian /ts/

Indonesian /tʃ/

Irish /k/

/c/ Before e, i; or after i

Italian /k/

/tʃ/ Before e, i

Khmer /c/ ALA-LC latinization

Kurdish Kurmanji /dʒ/

Latvian /ts/

Malay /tʃ/

Mandarin Standard /tsʰ/ Pinyin latinization

Manding /tʃ/

Polish /ts/

Portuguese /k/

/s/ Before e, i, y

Romanian /tʃ/ Before e, i

/k/

Romansh /ts/ Before e, i

/k/

Scottish Gaelic /kʰ/

/kʰʲ/ Before e, i; or after i

Serbo-Croatian /ts/

Slovak /ts/

Slovene /ts/

Somali /ʕ/

Spanish All /k/

Most of European /θ/ Before e, i, y

American, Andalusian, Canarian /s/ Before e, i, y

Swedish /k/

/s/ Before e, i, y, ä, ö

Tatar /ʑ/

Turkish /dʒ/

Valencian /k/

/s/ Before e, i

Vietnamese /k/

/k̚/ Word-final

/kp/ Word-final after u, ô, o

Welsh /k/

Xhosa /ǀ/

Yabem /ʔ/

Yup'ik /tʃ/

Zulu /ǀ/

English[تعديل]

In English orthography, ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of /s/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "hard" value of /k/ before any other letters or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have /k/ where /s/ would be expected.
The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the /ʃ/ sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "ocean" and its derivatives.
The digraph ⟨ch⟩ most commonly represents /tʃ/, but can also represent /k/ (mainly in words of Greek origin) or /ʃ/ (mainly in words of French origin). For some dialects of English, it may also represent /x/ in words like loch, while other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always represents /tʃ/.
The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound /k/ after short vowels, like "wicket".
C is the twelfth most frequently used letter in the English language (after E, T, A, O, I, N, S, H, R, D, and L), with a frequency of about 2.8% in words.

Other languages[تعديل]

In the Romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of /k/ and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is /s/ as it is in English. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian and Romanian, the soft ⟨c⟩ is [t͡ʃ].
Germanic languages usually use c for Romance loans or digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, but the rules vary across languages. Dutch uses ⟨c⟩ the most, for all Romance loans and the digraph ⟨ch⟩, but unlike English, does not use ⟨c⟩ for native Germanic words like komen, "come". German uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, and the trigraph ⟨sch⟩, but only by itself in unassimilated loanwords and place names. Danish keeps soft ⟨c⟩ in Romance words but changes hard ⟨c⟩ to ⟨k⟩. Swedish has the same rules for soft and hard ⟨c⟩ as Danish, and also uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraph ⟨ck⟩ and the very common word och, "and". Norwegian, Afrikaans, and Icelandic are the most restrictive, replacing all cases of ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨s⟩, and reserving ⟨c⟩ for unassimilated loanwords and names.
All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent /t͡s/, the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡s^h/.
Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and similar languages, such as Bukawa, ⟨c⟩ stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to represent the click /ǀ/. In some other African languages, such as Berber languages, ⟨c⟩ is used for /ʃ/. In Fijian, ⟨c⟩ stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/.
The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian, along with the digraph ⟨ts⟩.

Other systems[تعديل]

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ⟨c⟩ is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Digraphs[تعديل]

There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨ch⟩, which in some languages (such as German) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages.
As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in other Germanic languages such as German and Swedish (other Germanic languages, such as Dutch and Norwegian, use ⟨kk⟩ instead). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, representing /t͡ʂ/ and /t͡ʃ/ respectively. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents /ʃ/ in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens before front vowels, while otherwise it represents /sk/). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents /ʃ/ in German.

Related characters[تعديل]

Ancestors, descendants and siblings[تعديل]

[[File:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo

𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives
G g : Latin letter G, which is derived from Latin C
Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Ȝ, which is derived from Latin G

Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
ɕ : Small c with curl

ʗ : Stretched c

𝼏 : Stretched c with curl - Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe^[7]

𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the IPA retroflex tʂ^[8]

ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the Chatino orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-IPA notation^[9]

ᶜ : Modifier letter small c^[10]

ᶝ : Modifier letter small c with curl^[10]

ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.^[11]

Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s^[12]

Add to C with diacritics

C with diacritics: Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Č č Ċ ċ Ḉ ḉ Ƈ ƈ C̈ c̈ Ȼ ȼ Ç ç Ꞔ ꞔ Ꞓ ꞓ

Ↄ ↄ : Claudian letters^[13]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols[تعديل]

© : copyright symbol

℃ : degree Celsius

¢ : cent

₡ : colón (currency)

₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)

₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)

₠ : European Currency Unit CE

$\mathbb {C}$ : blackboard bold C, denoting the complex numbers

ℭ : blackletter C

Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -us and -os^[14]

Code points [تعديل]

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Charmap".

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

Other representations[تعديل]

NATO phonetic Morse code

Charlie

Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-14
Unified English Braille

Use as a number[تعديل]

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting.

شوف كمان[تعديل]

Hard and soft C

Speed of light, c

References[تعديل]

↑ ...

↑ some alleged source for this

↑ "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.

↑ Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN 978-1405162562.

↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-19-508345-8.

↑ "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-19.

↑ Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).

↑ Miller, Kirk (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).

↑ Miller, Kirk; Cornelius, Craig (2020-09-25). "L2/20-251: Unicode request for modifier Latin capital letters" (PDF).

↑ ^أ ^ب Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).

↑ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).

↑ West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (PDF).

↑ Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).

↑ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

External links[تعديل]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "C".

Media related to C at Wikimedia Commons

The dictionary definition of C at Wiktionary

The dictionary definition of c at Wiktionary

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Letter C with diacritics

Ćć Ĉĉ Čč Ċċ Çç Ḉḉ Ȼȼ Ꞓꞓ Ꞔꞔ Ƈƈ ɕ 𝼝

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[1] ...

[2] some alleged source for this

[3] "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.

[4] Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN 978-1405162562.

[5] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-19-508345-8.

[6] "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-19.

[7] Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).

[8] Miller, Kirk (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).

[9] Miller, Kirk; Cornelius, Craig (2020-09-25). "L2/20-251: Unicode request for modifier Latin capital letters" (PDF).

[L204132-10] أ ^ب Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).

[11] Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).

[12] West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (PDF).

[13] Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).

[14] Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

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