قالب:Beta

Beta

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The templates in this series are designed to be used in a table to make a cell with text in that cell, with an appropriately colored background. They are commonly used in comparison tables. Most of these templates should not be used simply to produce a background color, use them according to their meaning.

For example, style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"|Yes makes a cell with a green background. The text in the cell is taken from the first parameter; style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"|Sure would output "Sure" otherwise it defaults to "Yes". Most templates allow authors to override the default text in this way, some require text put after the template call and some also need a vertical bar in between: قالب:''table cell template'' text or قالب:''table cell template'' | text. This information, the colors and default texts are found in the table below.

 Important: If you want to use other attributes for the table cells, e.g. colspan, rowspan, or style, they need to be put before the template call, and there must be no vertical bar (aka pipe) | in-between them:

Yes	No	—
Yes/No

...
!{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|-
|colspan=2 style="border:solid 3px Maroon" {{Yes-No}}
...

Templates

Table cell templates

Class	Default		Customized
	Syntax	Preview	Syntax	Preview
table-rh	{{rh}} | Row header	Row header	{{rh|align=right}} | Row header	Row header
	{{rh2}} | Row header	Row header	{{rh2|align=center}} | Row header	Row header
table-yes	{{yes}}	Yes	{{yes|customized text}}	customized text
	{{yes C}}	Yes	{{yes C|customized text}}	customized text
	{{yes O}}	Yes	{{yes O|customized text}}	customized text
	{{yes N}}	Yes	{{yes N|customized text}}	customized text
table-maybe	{{maybe}}	Maybe	{{maybe|customized text}}	customized text
table-no	{{no}}	No	{{no|customized text}}	customized text
	{{no O}}	No	{{no O|customized text}}	customized text
	{{no X}}	No	{{no X|customized text}}	customized text
	{{eliminated}}	Eliminated	{{eliminated|dropped out}}	dropped out
	{{lost}}	Lost	{{lost|missing}}	missing
	{{active fire|12%}}	Active (12%)
	{{safe}}	Safe	{{safe|protected}}	protected
	{{no Y}}	No	{{no Y|customized text}}	customized text
table-active	{{active}}	Active	{{active|live}}	live
table-siteactive	{{site active}}	Active	{{site active|up}}	up
	{{coming soon}}	Coming soon	{{coming soon|second half of the year}}	second half of the year
table-siteinactive	{{site inactive}}	Inactive	{{site inactive|down}}	down
table-success	{{success}}	Success	{{success|mission complete}}	mission complete
	{{operational}}	Operational	{{operational|returning data}}	returning data
table-failure	{{failure}}	Failure	{{failure|wrong orbit}}	wrong orbit
table-yes2	{{yes2}}		{{yes2|text}}	text
	{{good}}	Good	{{good|A}}	A
	{{ya}}		{{ya|text=ya}}	ya
	{{ya|Ya}}		{{ya|text|link=WP:ALT}}
	{{yan}}		{{yan|text=ya}}	ya
	{{won}}	style="background: 9EFF9E; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|Won || {{won|text=white|color=darkblue|winner}} || style="background: darkblue; color: white; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|winner
	{{won|place=1}}	style="background: FFD700; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|1 || {{won|place=gold}} || style="background: FFD700; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|gold
	{{won|place=2}}	style="background: C0C0C0; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|2 || {{won|place=silver}} || style="background: C0C0C0; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|silver
	{{won|place=3}}	style="background: E2B740; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|3 || {{won|place=bronze}} || style="background: E2B740; color: 000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|bronze
	{{WinDL}}	W	{{WinDL|win}}	win
	{{WinDL|res=D}}	D	{{WinDL|res=draw}}	draw
	{{WinDL|res=L}}	L	{{WinDL|res=loss}}	loss
table-no2	{{no2}}		{{no2|text}}	text
	{{na}}		{{na|text=na}}	na
	{{na|Na}}		{{na|text|link=WP:ALT}}
	{{nan}}		{{nan|text=na}}	na
	{{nom}}	Nominated	{{nom|5}}	5
	{{notnom}}	Not nominated	{{notnom|not selected}}	not selected
	{{sho}}	Shortlisted	{{sho|proposed}}	proposed
	{{longlisted}}	Longlisted	{{longlisted|rejected}}	rejected
	{{TBA}}	TBA	{{TBA|to be announced}}	to be announced
table-partial	{{partial}}	Partial	{{partial|almost done}}	almost done
	{{Regional}}	Regional	{{Regional|Uyghur}}	Uyghur
	{{MaybeCheck}}		{{MaybeCheck|text=possibly}}	possibly
	{{MaybeCheck|possibly}}		{{MaybeCheck|text|link=WP:ALT}}
	{{partial success}}	Partial success	{{partial success| reached orbit and returned pictures}}	reached orbit and returned pictures
	{{partial failure}}	Partial failure	{{partial failure|Cubesat not deployed}}	Cubesat not deployed
	{{okay}}	Neutral	{{okay|C}}	C
	{{Yes-No}}	Yes/No	{{Yes-No|yes with an if; no with a but}}	yes with an if; no with a but
	{{some}}	Some	{{some|many}}	many
	{{pending}}	Pending	{{pending|awaiting}}	awaiting
	{{sometimes}}	Sometimes	{{sometimes|occasionally}}	occasionally
	{{rarely}}	Rarely	{{rarely|seldom}}	seldom
	{{usually}}	Usually	{{usually|commonly}}	commonly
	{{unofficial}}	Unofficial	{{unofficial|de facto}}	de facto
	{{unofficial2}}	Unofficial	{{unofficial2|de facto}}	de facto
	{{nonpartisan}}	Nonpartisan	{{nonpartisan|impartial}}	impartial
table-any	{{any}}	Any	{{any|anyone}}	anyone
table-automatic	{{perhaps}}	Perhaps	{{perhaps|maybe}}	maybe
table-draw	{{draw}}		{{draw|1:1}}	1:1
table-noAttempt	{{No attempt}}	No attempt	{{No attempt|No landing attempted}}	No landing attempted
table-na	{{n/a}}	—	{{n/a|unavailable}}	unavailable
	{{varies}}	Varies	{{varies|differs}}	differs
	{{non-album single}}	Non-album single	{{non-album single|EP}}	Non-album single
	{{unreleased}}	Unreleased	{{unreleased|shelved}}	shelved
	{{BLACK}}	N/A	{{BLACK|banned}}	banned
	{{sdash}}	—	{{sdash|}}
	{{vacant}}	Vac­ant	{{vacant|missing}}	missing
table-unknown	{{unknown}}	Un­known	{{unknown|?}}	?
	{{dunno}}	?	{{dunno|not sure}}	not sure
table-included	{{included}}	Included	{{included|incorporated}}	incorporated
noresult	{{no result}}	No result	{{no result|NR}}	NR
table-planned	{{planned}}	Planned	{{planned|July 2028}}	July 2028
table-scheduled	{{scheduled}}	Scheduled	{{scheduled|3 March 2027}}	3 March 2027
table-software	{{beta}}	Beta	{{beta|preview}}	preview
	{{table-experimental}}	Experimental	{{table-experimental|lab}}	lab
	{{nightly}}	Nightly build	{{nightly|dev}}	dev
	{{release-candidate}}	Release candidate	{{release-candidate|RC}}	RC
	{{open source}}	Open source	{{open source|software libre}}	software libre
	{{free}}	Free	{{free|empty}}	empty
	{{proprietary}}	Proprietary	{{proprietary|custom extension}}	custom extension
	{{nonfree}}	Non-free	{{nonfree|paid}}	paid
	{{needs}}	Needs	{{needs|req.}}	req.
table-depends	{{depends}}	Depends	{{depends|vendor-defined}}	vendor-defined
table-dropped	{{dropped}}	Dropped	{{dropped|discontinued}}	discontinued
	{{terminated}}	Terminated	{{terminated|fired}}	fired
incorrect	{{incorrect}}	Incorrect	{{incorrect|wrong}}	wrong
table-debate	{{D-P}}	P	{{D-P|present}}	present
	{{D-A}}	A	{{D-A|absent}}	absent
	{{D-I}}	I	{{D-I|invited}}	invited
	{{D-O}}	O	{{D-O|invited to other debate}}	invited to other debate
	{{D-N}}	N	{{D-N|not invited}}	not invited
	{{D-Nv}}	NV	{{D-Nv|not voting}}	not voting
	{{D-W}}	W	{{D-W|withdrawn}}	withdrawn
	{{D-Out}}	Out	{{D-Out|out of race}}	out of race
table-cast	{{CMain}}	Main	{{CMain|text}}	text
	{{CAlso starring}}	Also starring	{{CAlso starring|costar}}	costar
	{{CRecurring}}	Recurring	{{CRecurring|regular guest}}	regular guest
	{{CGuest}}	Guest	{{CGuest|victim}}	victim
	{{COther}}	Does not appear	{{COther|ensemble}}	ensemble
	{{CNone}}	Does not appear	{{CNone|cast}}	cast
	{{CEmpty}}
	{{CRemoved}}	removed	{{CRemoved|edited}}	edited
	{{CFinalist}}	Finalist	{{CFinalist|contender}}	contender
	{{CFinalist|place=3rd Place}}	3rd Place	{{CFinalist|place=third place}}	third place
	{{exempt}}	exempt	{{Black Exempt}}	B.Exempt
	{{nocontest}}		{{nocontest|rescheduled}}	rescheduled
	{{Runner-up}}	Runner-up	{{Runner-up|2nd Place}}	2nd Place
	{{Quit}}	Quit	{{Quit|left}}	left
no class	{{not yet}}	Not yet	{{not yet|NY}}	NY
	{{optional}}	Optional	{{optional|non-mandatory}}	non-mandatory
	{{shade|100}}%	100%	{{shade|color=blue|100}}%	100%
	{{shade|75}}%	75%	{{shade|color=blue|75|73–78}}%	73–78%
	{{shade|25}}%	25%	{{shade|color=blue|25|25%±2%}}	25%±2%
	{{shade|0}}%	0%	{{shade|color=blue|0}}%	0%
	{{Cell color|90|25|90}}	90	{{Cell color|90|25|90|a80202|0d89fc}}	90
	{{Cell color|58|25|90}}	58	{{Cell color|58|25|90|a80202|0d89fc}}	58
	{{Cell color|25|25|90}}	25	{{Cell color|25|25|90|a80202|0d89fc}}	25
	{{CellCategory|2|Some text}}	Some text

Code

Common code to most if not all the templates in this series:

style="background: #abcdef; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; text-transform: capitalize;" class="automatic table-automatic"| text

Code specific to this template:

style="background: #E7E7FF; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="beta table-beta"|Beta

Creating new templates

To make a new table cell template you can use:

{{subst:Table cell templates|text= default text |bg= background color |class= a class name without prefix |align= standard horizontal alignment}}

You should leave out the align parameter and often the class parameter is unnecessary, too.

Add the new template to the table in the common documentation afterwards. Please consider reusing one of the other templates and please choose the color sensibly.

If you find a table cell template that does not take a parameter and you want to be able to change the text in the cell, do not duplicate the template! Instead, edit the template and change the text to a default parameter substitution. For example, if a template's text is Dropped, change that to Dropped.

style="background: #abcdef; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="automatic table-automatic"| {{{1|text}}}

Choosing a color

When changing or creating a new template, follow the use of colour guidelines and the color accessibility guidelines when choosing the background color and, sometimes, the text color. Many of these templates can be used with links to other articles or references, so the links should be clearly identifiable against the background color. You can check contrast level using the WebAIM contrast checker by setting the foreground color to the blue link color. Contrast should be at the minimum WCAG AA level and, whenever possible, at WCAG AAA level. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Colors has a set of colors that comply with WCAG AAA and WCAG AA for unvisited links and normal text.

Color subpage

All templates should either have a /bgcolor subpage that contains nothing but a valid CSS color code, possibly wrapped in nowiki tags, e.g. #BFD, which can be included with background: قالب:Beta/bgcolor; in the style attribute, or they should reference another template's subpage, e.g. background: قالب:Yes2/bgcolor;. Alternatively, the /bgcolor subpage may redirect to another color code subpage: #REDIRECT yes2/bgcolor.

This way, pages that are using these templates may also use {{legend}} and similar templates which can reference the actual color:

  supported

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Beta in articles based on its TemplateData.

TemplateData for Beta

One of several templates for styling individual table cells with standard contents and colors.

وسائط القالب[تحرير بيانات القالب]

هذا القالب يفضل التنسيق بنفس السطر للوسائط.

وسيط		وصف	نوع	حالة
text	1	text to be displayed instead of the default; if this doesn't work put the text after the template, possibly with a vertical bar | in between غيابي (template dependent)	محتوى	اختياري
horizontal align	align	text alignment inside the cell, either 'left', 'right', 'center' or 'justified' القيم المقترحة left center right justified غيابي center	نص	اختياري
style	style	a semicolon-separated list of additional CSS rules to be applied to the table cell غيابي (template dependent)	نص	اختياري
background color	color	a valid CSS color value or name to override the standard cell background, only available with some templates غيابي (template dependent)	سطر	اختياري

شوف كمان

• {{Change}} – calculates, displays and color-codes changes between two values
• {{BSD-lic}} – specialized redirect for {{free}}
• {{GPL-lic}} – specialized redirect for {{free}}
• {{LGPL-lic}} – specialized redirect for {{free}}
• {{Active}} / {{No result}} / {{Eliminated}} for

This template is about the letter. For the programming language, see C (programming language). For other uses, see Beta (disambiguation).

C
C c
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of C
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[c] [k] [t͡ʃ] [t͡s(ʰ)] [d͡ʒ] [ʃ] [s̝] [ʕ] [ʔ] [θ] Others
Unicode codepoint	U+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position	3 Numerical value: 100
History
Development	Γ γ 𐌂 C c
Variations	(See below)
Other
Associated numbers	100

[[File:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|C in copyright symbol

C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee (pronounced /ˈsiː/), plural cees.

History

Egyptian	Phoenician gaml	Greek Gamma	Etruscan C	Old Latin C (G)	Latin C

"C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".

In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'c' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c k q' were used to represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, 'k' before 'a', and 'c' elsewhere. During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /k/. The use of 'c' (and its variant 'g') replaced most usages of 'k' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical period and after, 'g' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.

Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

Later use

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only /k/, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh, Irish, and Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /k/. The Old English Latin-based writing system was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc, and séoc. However, during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ], though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in Italian).

In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /k^w/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke, and seoke; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently changed to kniht and þic ('thick') changed to thik or thikk. The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English quen and quik, respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in champ (from Latin camp-um) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written c. 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words like processiun, emperice and grace, and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /s/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.

Pronunciation and use

شوف كمان :Hard and soft C

Pronunciations of Cc

Most common pronunciation: /k/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Albanian		/ts/
Arabic	Cypriot Arabic	/ʕ/		Latinization
Azeri		/dʒ/
Berber		/ʃ/		Latinization
Bukawa		/ʔ/
Catalan		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i
Crimean Tatar		/dʒ/
Cornish		/s/		Standard Written Form
Czech		/ts/
Danish		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y, æ, ø
Dutch		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
		/tʃ/	Before e, i,y	in loanwords from Italian
English		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
		/ʃ/
Fijian		/ð/
Filipino		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i
French		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
Fula		/tʃ/
Gagauz		/dʒ/
Galician		/k/
		/θ/	Before e, i
		/s/	Before e, i	in seseo zones
German		/k/
		/ts/	Before ä, e, i, ö, ü, y
Hausa		/tʃ/
Hungarian		/ts/
Indonesian		/tʃ/
Irish		/k/
		/c/	Before e, i; or after i
Italian		/k/
		/tʃ/	Before e, i
Khmer		/c/		ALA-LC latinization
Kurdish	Kurmanji	/dʒ/
Latvian		/ts/
Malay		/tʃ/
Mandarin	Standard	/tsʰ/		Pinyin latinization
Manding		/tʃ/
Polish		/ts/
Portuguese		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
Romanian		/tʃ/	Before e, i
		/k/
Romansh		/ts/	Before e, i
		/k/
Scottish Gaelic		/kʰ/
		/kʰʲ/	Before e, i; or after i
Serbo-Croatian		/ts/
Slovak		/ts/
Slovene		/ts/
Somali		/ʕ/
Spanish	All	/k/
	Most of European	/θ/	Before e, i, y
	American, Andalusian, Canarian	/s/	Before e, i, y
Swedish		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y, ä, ö
Tatar		/ʑ/
Turkish		/dʒ/
Valencian		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i
Vietnamese		/k/
		/k̚/	Word-final
		/kp/	Word-final after u, ô, o
Welsh		/k/
Xhosa		/ǀ/
Yabem		/ʔ/
Yup'ik		/tʃ/
Zulu		/ǀ/

English

In English orthography, ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of /s/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "hard" value of /k/ before any other letters or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have /k/ where /s/ would be expected.

The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the /ʃ/ sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "ocean" and its derivatives.

The digraph ⟨ch⟩ most commonly represents /tʃ/, but can also represent /k/ (mainly in words of Greek origin) or /ʃ/ (mainly in words of French origin). For some dialects of English, it may also represent /x/ in words like loch, while other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always represents /tʃ/.

The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound /k/ after short vowels, like "wicket".

C is the twelfth most frequently used letter in the English language (after E, T, A, O, I, N, S, H, R, D, and L), with a frequency of about 2.8% in words.

Other languages

In the Romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of /k/ and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is /s/ as it is in English. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian and Romanian, the soft ⟨c⟩ is [t͡ʃ].

Germanic languages usually use c for Romance loans or digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, but the rules vary across languages. Dutch uses ⟨c⟩ the most, for all Romance loans and the digraph ⟨ch⟩, but unlike English, does not use ⟨c⟩ for native Germanic words like komen, "come". German uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, and the trigraph ⟨sch⟩, but only by itself in unassimilated loanwords and place names. Danish keeps soft ⟨c⟩ in Romance words but changes hard ⟨c⟩ to ⟨k⟩. Swedish has the same rules for soft and hard ⟨c⟩ as Danish, and also uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraph ⟨ck⟩ and the very common word och, "and". Norwegian, Afrikaans, and Icelandic are the most restrictive, replacing all cases of ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨s⟩, and reserving ⟨c⟩ for unassimilated loanwords and names.

All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent /t͡s/, the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡s^h/.

Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and similar languages, such as Bukawa, ⟨c⟩ stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to represent the click /ǀ/. In some other African languages, such as Berber languages, ⟨c⟩ is used for /ʃ/. In Fijian, ⟨c⟩ stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/.

The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian, along with the digraph ⟨ts⟩.

Other systems

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ⟨c⟩ is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Digraphs

There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨ch⟩, which in some languages (such as German) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages.

As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in other Germanic languages such as German and Swedish (other Germanic languages, such as Dutch and Norwegian, use ⟨kk⟩ instead). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, representing /t͡ʂ/ and /t͡ʃ/ respectively. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents /ʃ/ in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens before front vowels, while otherwise it represents /sk/). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents /ʃ/ in German.

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

[[File:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo

• 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives
    • G g : Latin letter G, which is derived from Latin C
      • Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Ȝ, which is derived from Latin G
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
  • ɕ : Small c with curl
  • ʗ : Stretched c
  • 𝼏 : Stretched c with curl - Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe
  • 𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the IPA retroflex tʂ
  • ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the Chatino orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-IPA notation
• ᶜ : Modifier letter small c
• ᶝ : Modifier letter small c with curl
• ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
• Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s

Add to C with diacritics

• C with diacritics: Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Č č Ċ ċ Ḉ ḉ Ƈ ƈ C̈ c̈ Ȼ ȼ Ç ç Ꞔ ꞔ Ꞓ ꞓ
• Ↄ ↄ : Claudian letters

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

• © : copyright symbol
• ℃ : degree Celsius
• ¢ : cent
• ₡ : colón (currency)
• ₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)
• ₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)
• ₠ : European Currency Unit CE
• $\mathbb {C}$ : blackboard bold C, denoting the complex numbers
• ℭ : blackletter C
• Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -us and -os

Code points

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

Other representations

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Charlie

Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-14 Unified English Braille

Use as a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting.

شوف كمان

• Hard and soft C
• Speed of light, c

References

External links

• Media related to C at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of C at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of c at Wiktionary

Notes

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