Title: Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy
Identifier: cunninghamstextb00cunn (find matches)
Year: 1914 (1910s)
Authors: Cunningham, D. J. (Daniel John), 1850-1909; Robinson, Arthur, b. 1862, ed
Subjects: Anatomy
Publisher: New York, W. Wood
Contributing Library: Columbia University Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons

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1258 THE UKINO-GENITAL SYSTEM. If a line be drawn round the body at the level of the lowest part of the thoracic wall, the whole, or almost the whole, of the left kidney will be found to lie above the level of the subcostal plane so determined. It is, therefore, situated in the subcostal zone of the abdominal cavity. The right kidney, however, although it lies for the most part in the subcostal zone, usually projects at its inferior part somewhat below the subcostal plane, and hence lies to some extent in the umbilical zone. It is often stated that the kidneys are placed on a somewhat lower level in the female than in the male subject. By far the greater part, usually two-thirds or more, of the kidney lies to the medial side of a line drawn vertically upwards through the middle point of the inguinal ligament. The posterior aspect of the kidney is closely applied against the muscles attached to the bodies of the last thoracic and upper three lumbar vertebrae, and is placed in front of the last rib and of the transverse processes of the upper three Hepatic artery- Inferior vena cava Pancreas f Left suprarenal gland Splenic artery Right suprarenal gland Portal vein ; Spleen Bile-duct \ Descending part of duodenum Bight kidney
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Left flexure of colon Left kidney Bight ureter Spermatic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Fig. 979.—Dissection to show the Relationships op the Kidneys. The greater part of the stomach has been removed by an incision made close to the pylorus. The transverse colon has been taken away, and the small intestine has been cut across close to the duodeno-jejunal flexure. A model prepared by the late Professor Birmingham has been made use of in this drawing. lumbar vertebrae. In some cases, more frequently on the left side of the body, the eleventh rib also lies behind the upper part of the kidney. The relationship of the kidney to the lower two ribs is, however, very inconstant, owing partly to the great variability in size and inclination of these bones. The inferior end of the kidney is usually situated from 1\ to 2 inches above the highest part of the crest of the ilium; the interval between the kidney and the ilium being usually greater on the left side of the body. Sometimes the inferior end of the kidney lies on the same level as, or only a short distance above, the iliac crest; this condition is sometimes due to the crest rising to a higher level than usual, the kidney occupying its normal position in relation to the vertebral column. It is important to remember that during life the kidney moves upwards and downwards, following the respiratory movements of the part of the diaphragm against which it rests. The long axis of each kidney is somewhat oblique, its superior end approaching nearer to the median plane than the inferior. The surface of the kidney, which is applied against the muscles forming the posterior wall of the abdomen, looks,

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