قالب:Citation/doc

For the ^{[محتاج مصدر]} template, see {{Citation needed}}.

The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.

If invoked with the right parameters, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{cite book}} and {{cite web}}. The default behavior sometimes differs from that of the Cite templates; for example, this template by default generates anchors for Harvard references whereas the Cite templates do not, and this template by default uses commas to separate some fields that the Cite templates separate with periods.

All parameter names are lowercase.

Anchored citations

This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref=harv generates an ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{citation}} template. If an empty |ref= is given, no anchor is generated; this is the default for the Cite templates such as {{cite book}} and {{cite news}}. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:

• {{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}

which generates the citation:

• Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents

Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).

Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:

• {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R.H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372 }}
• Wright, Thomas; Evans, R.H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372

In this example the {{citation}} template defines, and the {{harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "CITEREFWrightEvans1851".

The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For patents, inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.

Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |year=1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{citation}} and {{harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{citation}} and the {{harv}} invocations.

Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the MediaWiki #time function. This heuristic works with many common date formats but has known problems, so when in doubt it is safer to use |year=.

IDs must be unique

Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{harv}}-compatible IDs:

• Montes, G; Halterman, JS (2008a), "Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income", Pediatrics, 121 (4): e821–6, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1594, PMID 18381511
• Montes, G; Halterman, JS (2008b), "Child care problems and employment among families with preschool-aged children with autism in the United States", Pediatrics, 122 (1): e202–8, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3037, PMID 18595965

If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g., "|year=2008a" and "|year=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.

It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.

Citing books

Parameters (all are optional)

{{Citation |last= |first= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |firstn=,lastn=,authorn= |author-separator= |editor= |editorn= |editorn-last= |editorn-first= |editor-link= |editorn-link= |others= |title= |url= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |origyear= |year= |month= |publisher= |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |doi_brokendate= |bibcode= |id= |page= |pages= |nopp= |at= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp= |ref= }}

last (or last1): The author's surname or last name. first (or first1): The author's first or given name(s). author (or author1): The author's name, if not in the last/first format. author-link (or author1-link): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author. last2, last3, last4: The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable. first2, first3, first4: The second, third, and fourth authors' first or given name(s), if applicable. author2, author3, author4: The second, third, and fourth authors' names, if applicable. author2-link, author3-link, author4-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth author, if applicable. author-separator: override the default semi-colon that separates authors' names. author-name-separator: override the default comma that separates authors' names. display-authors: Truncate the list of authors at an arbitrary point with "et al". Still include the first 9 authors to allow metadata to be generated. publication-date (or date): Date of publication. date: Date of authorship, if different from date of publication. If only date is used, it will be treated as the date of publication. year: Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.) origyear: Year of first publication, if different. title: Title of the book. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → [ ; ] → ] edition: Number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: edition=2nd. volume: The volume number of a multi-volume book. series: The book series of which this book is a part. publication-place (or place): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: place=Paris, TX (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter. place: City in which the work was made, if different from the city of publication. If only place is used, it will be treated as the city of publication. publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. pages: For use when multiple pages are cited. Adds "pp." before the page numbers. Do not use with page. page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages. at: Position within the resource when page=/pages= is inappropriate, e.g. at=para. 14 (when citing a source without page numbers) or at=02:56 (a film or audio timestamp), or at=no. 456 (something in a numbered list). This parameter is ignored if page=/pages= is specified. id: Identifier such as ISBN 1–111–22222–9 isbn: Use this parameter if the book has an ISBN. doi: A digital object identifier such as 10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001. doi_brokendate: Date on which the DOI was observed to be not functioning. oclc: Online Computer Library Center ID number, such as 3185581 (superfluous when ISBN is given). url: An url of an online location where the book can be found. archive parameters (if used, must be used both of them together) archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if (or in case) the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Archive.org. archivedate: Date when the item was archived. Should not be wikilinked. accessdate: Date when the url was accessed. separator: specifies the punctuation mark used to separate certain fields. This defaults to a comma; the 'Cite xxx' family of templates uses a period. laysummary: URL of a lay summary, which could be in a popular science magazine or newspaper. laydate: The date of publication or, where this is not available, date of retrieval of the lay summary. postscript: Set terminal punctuation. Leave blank to remove the trailing full stop. Punctuation specified by this parameter will appear within the cite span, and consequently before any icons added by metadata-using software (e.g. library browser plugins). Hence this parameter should be used instead of manually appending data to the citation. lastauthoramp: If supplied, whether or not assigned a value, places an ampersand (&) before the last name of final author, if more than one author is supplied. Recommended usage is lastauthoramp=yes. ref: ID for Harvard references; see Harvard references to citations.

Examples

One author	{{ Citation | last=Turner | first=O. | title=History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve | publisher=William Alling | place=Rochester, New York | year=1851 | url = http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851 }}	Turner, O. (1851), History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling
Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name.	{{ Citation | last1=Lincoln | first1=A. | last2=Washington | first2=G. | last3=Adams | first3=J. | lastauthoramp=yes | title=All the Presidents' Names | publisher=The Pentagon | place=Home Base, New York | volume=XII | edition=2nd | year=2007 }}	Lincoln, A.; Washington, G.; Adams, J. (2007), All the Presidents' Names, vol. XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (help)

Citing journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals

Parameters

{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | publication-date = | date = | year = | title = | periodical = | series = | publication-place = | place = | publisher = | volume = | issue = | pages = | page = | at = | url = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | issn = | pmid = | pmc = | doi = | oclc = | accessdate = | ref = }}

قالب:Citation parameter legend

Examples

Journal article	{{Citation | last=Hill | first=Marvin S. | title=Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties | journal=BYU Studies | volume=12 | issue=2 | year=1976 | pages=1–8 | url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/ shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf }}	Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties" (PDF), BYU Studies, 12 (2): 1–8
Newspaper article	{{Citation | last=Smith | first=Joseph III | author-link=Joseph Smith III | title=Last Testimony of Sister Emma | newspaper=The Saints' Herald | publication-place=Plano, IL | volume=26 | issue=19 | date=October 1, 1879 | year=1879 | month=October | page=289 | url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/ dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179 }}	Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", The Saints' Herald, Plano, IL, vol. 26, no. 19, p. 289 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Citing edited books, or parts of edited books, including encyclopedias and encyclopedia articles

Parameters

{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | year = | date = | publication-date = | contribution = | contribution-url = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | editor2-link = | title = | edition = | series = | place = | publication-place = | publisher = | volume = | pages = | id = | isbn = | doi = | oclc = | url = | ref = }}

last (or last1): The first author's surname or last name. first (or first1): The first author's first or given name(s). author (or author1): The author's name, if not in the last/first format. author-link (or author1-link): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author. last2, last3, last4: The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable. first2, first3, first4: The second, third, and fourth authors' first or given name(s), if applicable. author2, author3, author4: The second, third, and fourth authors' names, if applicable. author2-link, author3-link, author4-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth author, if applicable. year: Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.) date: Date of authorship or publication. publication-date: Date of publication (if different from date). contribution (or chapter): Title of the contribution or chapter. contribution-url (or chapter-url): URL of the contribution or chapter. editor-last (or editor1-last): The first editor's surname or last name. editor-first (or editor1-first): The first editor's first or given name(s). editor-link (or editor1-link): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first editor. editor2-last, editor3-last, editor4-last: The second, third, and fourth editor' surname or last name, if applicable. editor2-first, editor3-first, editor4-first: The second, third, and fourth editors' first or given name(s), if applicable. editor2-link, editor3-link, editor4-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth editor, if applicable. title: Title of the book or compilation. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → [ ; ] → ] edition: Number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: edition=2nd. series: Series of which this periodical is a part. volume: The volume number of a multi-volume book or compilation. place (or location): The place where the article, encyclopedia entry, or other included item was created. Usually, this is collective work's city of publication; if not, then use the separate publication-place parameter. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: place=Paris, TX (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter. publication-place. The place where the collective work was published (if different from place or location). publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. id: Identifier such as ISBN 1–111–22222–9 isbn: Use this parameter if the book or compilation has an ISBN. doi: A digital object identifier such as 10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001. oclc: Online Computer Library Center ID number, such as 3185581 (superfluous when ISBN is given). url: An url of an online location where the source being cited can be found. accessdate: Date when the url was accessed. The access date is only shown if "|url=" is used. The "|accessdate=" has no effect if "|contribution-url=" is used. ref: ID for Harvard references; see Harvard references to citations.

Examples

Manuscript published in an edited compilation	{{Citation | last=Bidamon | first=Emma Smith | author-link=Emma Hale Smith | chapter=Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim | date=March 27, 1876 | year=1876 | editor-last=Vogel | editor-first=Dan | title=Early Mormon Documents | volume=1 | publisher=Signature Books | publication-date=1996 | isbn=1–56085–072–8 }}	Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), "Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim", in Vogel, Dan (ed.), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books (published 1996), ISBN 1–56085–072–8 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Work with an editor but no author	{{Citation | editor-last=Vogel | editor-first=Dan | title=Early Mormon Documents | volume=1 | publisher=Signature Books | publication-date=1996 | isbn=1–56085–072–8 }}	Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1–56085–072–8 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
Encyclopedia article by a named author	{{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | publication-date = 1999 | contribution-url = http:// www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ BernardLewis.htm }}	Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720
Encyclopedia article with no named author	{{Citation | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http:// www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ BernardLewis.htm }}	Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), "Bernard Lewis", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720

Citing contributions, republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article

Parameters

{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | year = | date = | publication-date = | contribution = | contribution-url = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | editor2-link = | title = | periodical = | series = | volume = | issue = | pages = | place = | publication-place = | publisher = | id = | issn = | doi = | oclc = | url = | accessdate = | ref = }}

last (or last1): The first author's surname or last name. first (or first1): The first author's first or given name(s). author (or author1): The author's name, if not in the last/first format. author-link (or author1-link): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author. last2, last3, last4: The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable. first2, first3, first4: The second, third, and fourth authors' first or given name(s), if applicable. author2, author3, author4: The second, third, and fourth authors' names, if applicable. author2-link, author3-link, author4-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth author, if applicable. year: Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.) date: Date of authorship or publication. publication-date: Date of publication (if different from date). contribution (or chapter): Title of the contribution or chapter. contribution-url (or chapter-url): URL of the contribution or chapter. editor-last (or editor1-last): The first editor's surname or last name. editor-first (or editor2-first): The first editor's first or given name(s). editor-link (or editor1-link): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first editor. editor2-last, editor3-last, editor4-last: The second, third, and fourth editor' surname or last name, if applicable. editor2-first, editor3-first, editor4-first: The second, third, and fourth editors' first or given name(s), if applicable. editor2-link, editor3-link, editor4-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth editor, if applicable. title: Title of the book or compilation. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → [ ; ] → ] periodical (or journal, newspaper, magazine): Name of the periodical. series: Series of which this periodical is a part. volume: The volume number of the journal. issue (or number): The issue number of the journal. pages (optional): The pages in the issue where the article may be found. place (or location): The place where the article, encyclopedia entry, or other included item was created. Usually, this is collective work's city of publication; if not, then use the separate publication-place parameter. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: place=Paris, TX (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter. publication-place. The place where the collective work was published (if different from place or location). id: Identifier such as ISBN 1–111–22222–9 issn: The eight-digit الرقم الدولي الموحد للدوريات (ISSN) identifying the journal. doi: A digital object identifier such as 10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001. oclc: Online Computer Library Center ID number, such as 3185581 (superfluous when ISBN is given). url: An url of an online location where the book or compilation can be found. accessdate: Date when the url was accessed. ref: ID for Harvard references; see Harvard references to citations.

Examples

Manuscript edited and published in a journal	{{Citation | last=Knight | first=Joseph, Sr. | year=1833 | editor-last=Jessee | editor-first=Dean | title=Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History | journal=BYU Studies | volume=17 | issue=1 | publication-date=1976 | pages=35 | url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/ shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf }}	Knight, Joseph, Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean (ed.), "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History" (PDF), BYU Studies (published 1976), 17 (1): 35{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor.	{{Citation | last=Klingensmith | first=Philip | contribution=Affidavit | year=1872 | date=September 5, 1872 | place=Lincoln County, Nevada | title=Mountain Meadows Massacre | editor-last=Toohy | editor-first=Dennis J. | journal=Corinne Daily Reporter | publication-date=September 24, 1872 | publication-place=Corinne, Utah | volume=5 | issue=252 | pages=1 | contribution-url=http:// udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 }}	Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), written at Lincoln County, Nevada, Toohy, Dennis J. (ed.), "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter, Corinne, Utah (published September 24, 1872), 5 (252): 1 {{citation}}: |contribution= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Citing patents

Parameters (all are optional)

{{Citation | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventorlink = | inventor2-last = | inventor2-first = | inventorlink2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }}

inventor-last (or inventor1-last): The inventor's surname or last name. inventor-first (or inventor1-first): The inventor's first or given name(s). inventorlink (or inventorlink1): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first inventor. inventor2-last, inventor3-last, inventor4-last: The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable. inventor2-first, inventor3-first, inventor4-first: The second, third, and fourth inventors' first or given name(s), if applicable. inventorlink2, inventorlink3, inventorlink4: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth inventor, if applicable. publication-date: Date of publication or filing. issue-date (or date): Date patent was issued by patent agency. title: Title of the patent. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → [ ; ] → ] country-code: Two-letter abbreviation of the country issuing the patent. description: Type of patent; shown between country code and number. patent-number: The number of the patent.

Examples

United States patent with multiple inventors

{{Citation | inventor1-last = Degermark | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor2-last = Brodnik | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor3-last = Carlsson | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor4-last = Pink | inventor4-first = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}}

Degermark, Mikael; Andrej Brodnik & Svante Carlsson et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", US 6266706, issued 2001

Tools

See Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citation templates and tools for a list of tools which can help create a reference in the 'citation' format.

COinS

This template produces COinS metadata.

Additional Parameters

authormask – This parameter is primarily intended for use in bibliographies where multiple works by a single author are listed. It replaces the name of the first author (which must still be provided to garner metadata) with a strike-thru dash (—) authormask em in length. So if |authormask=1 then the dash will be one em in length, if |authormask=2 it will be two em long and so on. Set authormask to a text value to display a word instead – for example, 'with'. You must still include |last= and |first= for metadata purposes.