كاربون

	boron ← كربونطز → nitrogen
Appearance
	clear (diamond) & black (graphite); ; ; Spectral lines of Carbon
General properties
Name, symbol, number	كربونطز, C, 6
Pronunciation	/ˈkɑrbən/
Element category	nonmetal
Group, period, block	14, 2, p
Standard atomic weight	12.0107(8)
Electron configuration	1s2 2s2 2p2 or [He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2,4 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase	Solid
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Sublimation point	3915 K, 3642 °C, 6588 °F
Triple point	4600 K (4327°C), 10800 kPa
Heat of fusion	117 (graphite) kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	8.517(graphite),; 6.155(diamond) J·mol−1·K−1
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3 , 2, 1 , 0, -1, -2, -3, -4
Electronegativity	2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies; (more)	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1
Covalent radius	77(sp³), 73(sp²), 69(sp) pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Thermal conductivity	119-165 (graphite); 900-2300 (diamond) W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 0.8 (diamond) µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 18350 (diamond) m·s−1
Young's modulus	1050 (diamond) GPa
Shear modulus	478 (diamond) GPa
Bulk modulus	442 (diamond) GPa
Poisson ratio	0.1 (diamond)
Mohs hardness	1-2 (Graphite); 10 (Diamond)
CAS registry number	7440-44-0
Most stable isotopes
	Main article: Isotopes of كربونطز
	ش • ن • ع · r

الكربون هو عنصر كيماوى عدده الذرى 6 و هو واحد من عناصر مجموعة الاربعتاشر فى الجدول الدورى للعناصر

مصادر [تعديل]

↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon 14: 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon 43: 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP". http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical". http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database